ICMCTF2012 Session AP: Symposium A Poster Session

Thursday, April 26, 2012 5:00 PM in Golden Ballroom

Thursday Afternoon

Time Period ThP Sessions | Topic A Sessions | Time Periods | Topics | ICMCTF2012 Schedule

AP-1 Contact Corrosion propriety between Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials and Typical Metal alloys in an aggressive environment
Zhijing Peng (University of Windsor, Canada); Zhijiang Wang (Univeristy of Windsor, Canada); Xueyuan Nie (University of Windsor, Canada)
The demand for the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials in automotive and aerospace industry is increasing worldwide. However, a destructive galvanic corrosion is inevitable in the case that carbon fiber contacts with metals. In this research, the galvanic corrosion between carbon fiber and three kinds of commonly used metals, AISI 304 steel, A356 aluminum alloy and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, were studied. By employing the potentiodynamic polarization corrosion tests and zero resistance Ammeter tests (ZRA), the corrosion potentials and their differences in values were determined. The corrosion behavior of the samples was evaluated in a 3.5% NaCl solution. It was found that all the metals were corroded when they contacted with the carbon fiber. To address the problems, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique were employed to synthesize oxide coatings on the stainless steel and aluminum and titanium alloys. The results of the experiments showed that the gavalnic corrosion rates could be decreased significantly when the PEO coatings were applied on the metallic surfaces. All the coatings possessed a much better corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated substrates. Key words: Galvanic Corrosion, Carbon Fiber, PEO Coating, Corrosion resistance Corresponding author. E-mail: xnie@uwindsor.ca
AP-2 Influence of native oxide scales on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline nickel substrates
Matthieu Tatat, Pascal Gadaud, Christophe Coupeau, Xavier Milhet (Institut P’, CNRS – ENSMA - Université de Poitiers – UPR 3346, France); Pierre-Olivier Renault (Institut P' - Universite de Poitiers, France); Josseline Balmain (Laboratoire d’Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs - Université de La Rochelle, France)

Severe operating conditions promoting corrosion or oxidation may result to the damage and further ruin of the considered materials. Structural materials that are used in such aggressive environments are consequently usually protected by passive thin films or coatings. In the case of native thermally-grown oxides, only few studies are available in the literature concerning the coupling effect between their ageing and the mechanical behaviour of their associated substrate.

In this context, the influence of thermally-grown oxide films on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline nickel substrates has been investigated using a dynamical resonant method and instrumented indentation tests. Being a major component of superalloys used in the hottest parts of turbojets, nickel appears as a model material for oxidation due to the growth of only one form of oxide (NiO). Oxide scales have been developed at various temperatures and times to study the effect of thicknesses and microstructures on the mechanical behavior.

The dependence of the nickel elastic constants on temperature below the Curie temperature (631 K) is characterized by an anomalous behavior, resulting from its ferromagnetic character. On one hand, it is shown that the NiO layer that represents less than 3% of the total thickness of the specimens affects however significantly the elastic constants of the oxidized material below the Curie temperature, compared to those measured for the substrate in the same temperature range. These experimental results suggest that the internal stresses developed during oxidation play a key role in the competition between the magnetostrictive and elastic expansions. On the other hand, it is believed that these unexplored magnetoelastic coupling of the nickel substrate explains the scattering of the elastic modulus measurements of NiO reported in the literature.

AP-3 Evaluation of galvanic and corrosion behaviour of some commercial aluminium-based coatings deposited by various methods
Omoniyi Fasuba, Aleksey Yerokhin, Allan Matthews, Adrian Leyland (University of Sheffield, UK)
The galvanic and corrosion behaviour of commercial slurry-coated Al-Cr-Mg-P composite, electrodeposited Al, HVOF-Al and IVD-Al coatings was studied in 3.5 wt. % NaCl electrolyte. The coatings were evaluated by: open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical noise and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. SEM, EDX, XRD and optical microscopy were used to characterise the coating structure. A comparison of the OCP vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) measurements in 3.5 wt. % NaCl showed that all coatings behave anodically with respect to the steel substrate. During electrochemical noise measurements the galvanic current density and mixed potential of the coatings/bare mild steel couples were measured simultaneously during 12 hours of immersion. In the slurry-coated Al-Cr-Mg-P composite/bare steel and IVD-Al/bare steel couples, bare steel was found to be anodic to the two coatings during the initial stages of the measurement, before a polarity reversal occurred. HVOF-Al and electrodeposited Al coatings showed unstable potential behaviour with a fluctuating variation in current density with increased exposure time. Overall, results of the OCP, polarisation and the electrochemical noise measurements showed that the coatings behaved as the anodic element of the galvanic pairing, with the slurry-coated Al-Cr-Mg-P composite exhibiting the lowest galvanic current density which is a desirable feature for long-term cathodic protection of the steel substrate. The EIS analysis and the results of the structural characterisation of the coatings correlate with that of the OCP, polarisation and electrochemical noise measurements.
AP-4 High Temperature Diffusion Barriers for InSb based IR Detector
Arnaud Le Priol, Eric Le Bourhis, Pierre-Olivier Renault (Institut P' - Universite de Poitiers, France); Hervé Sik, Philippe Muller (SAGEM Défense Sécurité, France)
InSb based infra-red (IR) detectors are constituted by an Si supported Integrated Circuit (IC) and an InSb matrix which are electrically and mechanically connected thanks to solder balls in pure indium deposited on underbump metallic layers (UBM). This UBM ensures adherence between solder balls on both Si and InSb substrates, acts as diffusion barrier and facilitated the wetting of solder metal. High temperature diffusion occurs during the assembly process with intermetallic compounds (IMC) being formed. This process may short-circuit pixels and hence dramatically affecting the strength of the solder joint at the bonding interface.

To avoid indium diffusion across UBM, different routes have been investigated: (i) variation of residual stresses in W-Ti thin film barrier, and (ii) use of new refractory metal like tantalum and its nitride.

It is well known that refractory metal film deposited under the condition of limited atomic mobility have columnar microstructure. It is unfavorable since indium diffusion occurs along the grain boundaries. Thus, tailoring the columns microstructure from dense under compression stress state to porous under tension stress state has been explored since this should improve the performance of the barrier. We indeed report on the beneficial influence of the working pressure employed during physical deposition (PVD) on barrier performance.

On the other hand, to develop a Ta-based barrier, it is mandatory to obtain the stable phase of Ta (bcc α-Ta), for which deposition conditions have been be optimized. Bi-layer TaN / Ta are shown to be a potential diffusion barrier system. TaN underlayer is shown to promote α-Ta growth and improve barrier performance.

AP-5 Improvement on the mechanical and corrosion properties of nanometric HfN/VN superlattices
Pedro Prieto (Excellence Center for Novel Materials, CENM, Colombia); Cesar Escobar, Julio Caicedo (Thin Film Group, Universidad del Valle, Colombia); William Aperador (Ingeniería Mecatrónica, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Colombia); Jhoan Esteve (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain); María Gómez (Thin Film Group, Universidad del Valle, Colombia)

The aim of this work is the improvement of the mechanical and electrochemical behavior of 4140 steel substrate using HfN/VN multilayered system as a protective coating. We have grown HfN/VN multilayered via reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering technique in which was varied systematically the bilayer period (Λ), and the bilayer number (n), maintaining constant the total thickness of the coatings (~1.2 μm). The coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy assisted with selected area electron diffraction. The mechanical properties were analyzed by nanoindentation method. The electrochemical properties were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Tafel curves. XRD results showed a preferential growth in the face-centered cubic (111) crystal structure for [HfN/VN]n multilayered coatings. The best improvement of the mechanical behavior was obtained when the bilayer period (Λ) was 15 nm (n = 80), yielding the highest hardness (37 GPa) and elastic modulus (351 GPa). The values for the hardness and elastic modulus are 1.48 and 1.32 times greater than the coating with n = 1, respectively. The enhancement effects in multilayer coatings could be attributed to different mechanisms for layer formation with nanometric thickness due to the Hall-Petch effect. The maximum corrosion resistance was obtained for coating with (Λ) equal to 15 nm, corresponding to n = 80 bilayered. The polarization resistance and corrosion rate were around 112.19 kOhm cm2 and 3.66x10-3 mm/year, these values were 98 % and 99 % better than those showed by the uncoated 4140 steel substrate (0.65 kOhm and 31.13 mm/year), respectively. With this idea, HfN/VN multilayered have been designed and deposited on Si(100) and AISI 4140 steel substrates with bilayer periods (Λ) in a broad range, from nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, in order to study the microstructural evolution with decreasing bilayer thickness and their related mechanical and electrochemical properties in with aim to find novel industrial applications.

Keywords: Multilayer coatings, Magnetron sputtering, Mechanical properties.

PACS: 61.05.c, 62.20.Qp

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by "El patrimonio Autónomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación Francisco José de Caldas" under contract RC-No. 275-2011. Moreover, the authors acknowledge the Serveis Científico-Técnics of the Universitat de Barcelona for TEM analysis.

AP-6 Study of the effect of densification on the mechanical properties of porous coatings after nano-indentation
Xiaojuan Lu, Ping Xiao, Haiyan Li, Alex Fok (The University of Manchester, UK)
Nano-indentation of a porous ceramic coating leads to crushing and densification of the coating under the indenter. During indentation, a densified layer with gradient density was formed beneath the indenter. In this work, finite element (FE) simulation of indentation on the densified layer has been carried out to study the effect of the densified area on measured Young’s modulus from nano-indentation. According to the FE simulation, the measured Young’s modulus from indentation deviates from the true Young’s modulus when the size of densified region is much larger than the indentation region. Based on the simulation results and experimental results from indentation of a porous yttria stablised zirconia coating produced in this work, the measured Young’s modulus should be the true Young’s modulus of the coating.
AP-8 Oxygen incorporation in Cr2AlC
Moritz to Baben, Lin Shang, Jens Emmerlich, Jochen M. Schneider (Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen university, Germany)
The MAX phase Cr2AlC is a promising candidate for high temperature applications because of its oxidation resistance, which is comparable to NiAl [1]. However, neither the early stages of oxidation of Cr2AlC nor the influence of oxygen impurities in the at % range [1]which are probably introduced due to processing in high vacuum [2] have been studied.

Oxygen incorporation in Cr2AlC was studied by a combination of ab initio calculations and combinatorial magnetron sputtering. Cr, Al and C targets were sputtered in Ar and Ar+O2 atmosphere, leading to three different oxygen contents in the thin films. From X-ray stress analysis it was determined how lattice parameters of Cr2AlC are influenced by the oxygen content.

The energy of formation was calculated for Ti2AlC1-xOx, V2AlC1-xOx and Cr2AlC1-xOx with O occupying interstitial and substitutional sites. For Cr2AlC1-xOx the energy difference between interstitial and substitutional incorporation of oxygen is -0.7 eV/oxygen atom, while it is +2.6 and +1.2 eV/oxygen atom for Ti2AlC1-xOx and V2AlC1-xOx, respectively. This indicates that oxygen does not substitute carbon, as observed for Ti2AlC1-xOx [2], but is incorporated interstitially in the Al-layer of Cr2AlC1‑xOx, even in the presence of carbon vacancies.

Experimentally, an increase of the a lattice parameter of +0.18% was observed while the c lattice parameter was hardly affected. These experimentally determined volume changes are in good agreement with the predictions from ab initio calculations on interstitial incorporation of oxygen, corroborating the notion of oxygen interstitials in Cr2AlC. A solubility limit of 3.5 at% of oxygen was observed under the deposition conditions studied within this work. An increase of oxygen content above this limit led to the formation of an x-ray amorphous phase.

[1]: D.E. Hajas et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.086.

[2]: J. Rosen et al., Appl. Phys. Let. 92 (2008), 064102.

AP-9 Multicomponent Coatings in Cr-Al-Si-B-(N) System Produced by Magnetron Sputtering of Composite SHS-Targets
Philipp Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, Yuriy Pogozhev, Dmitry Shtansky (National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Russian Federation); Jaroslav Vlcek (University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic); Evgeny Levashov (National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Russian Federation)

The Cr-B-N coatings are promised due to their high hardness, wear- and corrosion resistance. It is well known that introduction of Si and Al to different hard coatings (CrN, TiN, and Ti-B-N) improves the tribological characteristics and oxidation resistance. The aim of present work is to study the structure and properties of Cr-Al-Si-B-(N) coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering of composite targets.

Targets were fabricated using the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) according to the follow combustion reaction X(Cr+2B)+(100-X)(4Al+3C+Si3N4) (X=15, 30, and 40). Main advantages of SHS are follow: self-purification of the final product from impurities (adsorbed and dissolved) result in high combustion temperature and combustion rate; achievement of controlled residual porosity of ceramics due to hot pressing of products follow by high-temperature process of combustion; synthesis of metastable supersaturated solid solutions.Targets composition represented by CrB, Cr5Si3, and Cr4Al11 phases.

Magnetron sputtering was performed either in an atmosphere of argon or reactively in a gaseous mixture of argon and nitrogen. During magnetron sputtering, the substrate temperature and bias voltage were kept constant in the range of 300-5000C and -500-0 V, respectively. The silicon and alumina plates, nickel alloy and cemented carbide disks were used as the substrates. The structure, chemical and phase composition of coatings were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The coatings were characterised in terms of their hardness, elastic modulus, elastic recovery, adhesion strength, friction coefficient, wear rate, oxidation resistance, thermal stability, and diffusion barrier properties.

The first experiments demonstrated relatively high hardness till 40 GPa, Young’s modulus below 270 GPa, elastic recovery up to 50%, oxidation resistance and good diffusion barrier properties at the temperature high than 11000C.

AP-10 Performance of Advanced Turbocharger Alloys and Coatings at 850-950oC in Air with Water Vapor
Allen Haynes, Beth Armstrong, Bruce Pint (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US)

Turbocharged gasoline and diesel engines are of significant interest due to their capacity to allow smaller displacement automotive engines with improved fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions. As exhaust temperatures continue to increase, oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of exhaust manifolds and turbocharger components will become problematic for some alloys of interest. This study compared the 850 and 950oC cyclic oxidation behavior in air plus 10 vol.% water vapor (simulated exhaust gas) of IN713C, HR230, MM247, IN939, CW6MC, and two Ti-~48%Al alloys. The room temperature tensile properties of selected alloys were evaluated before and after oxidation at 850° and 950°C by using miniature tensile bars as oxidation specimens. Additionally, selected Ni-based alloys were aluminized via chemical vapor deposition and/or slurry processes, and the resultant coating microstructures and 950oC oxidation behaviors were compared. The TiAl alloys oxidized more rapidly than the Ni-base alloys or aluminide coatings after 100, 1-h cycles and scale spallation was observed at 950°C. However, only minor changes in ductility and tensile strength for TiAl were observed. Larger decreases in ductility were observed for 713C. Longer exposures are in progress.

AP-11 Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Ru Films under Glass Hot Pressing
ChihKun Chang, Kun-Yuan Liu, Yu-Cheng Hsiao, Fan-Bean Wu (National United University, Taiwan)
Ni-Ru alloy films are fabricated using r.f. magnetron dual gun cosputtering process. The Ru content ranges from 10.4 to 53.5 at.% under an input power control from 10 to 100W, respectively, at a fixed 100W for Ni. The Ni-Ru coatings with lower Ru contents exhibit a granular structure, while a significant columnar feature is observed for the Ni46.5Ru53.5 film. The oxidation behavior of the Ni-Ru films against phosphate glasses are demonstrated under hot pressing environment. The heat treatment in air are conducted for comparison. Oxidation reaction penetrates into the Ni-Ru films over 250 nm at a heat treating temperature of 475°C in air. On the other hand, a limited oxidation penetration less than 100 nm is found for the Ni-Ru coatings against phosphate glasses. The granular characteristic and grain boundaries are responsible for oxidation in air annealing. On the contrary, the oxidation reaction is suppressed due to depletion of active oxygen at film/glass contact.
AP-12 Wear characteristics of Zr-Al-Ni based PVD nanocomposite thin films deposited on non-ferrous alloy substrates
Josephine Lawal, Allan Matthews, Adrian Leyland (University of Sheffield, UK)

Non-ferrous engineering alloys (eg. titanium and aluminium alloys; nickel alloys and austenitic stainless steels) are increasingly used in the aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, and biomedical industries, owing to combinations of desirable functional properties such as corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, biocompatibility, toughness and durability in extreme environments. However, it is well known that such materials exhibit poor tribological properties – especially under conditions of sliding wear and/or abrasion.

Nanocomposite coatings comprising a hard nanocrystalline phase embedded in an amorphous matrix have been found to exhibit improved tribological properties over a range of varying conditions. This study investigates the wear characteristic of Zr-Al-Ni nanocomposite films prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. The sliding and abrasive wear behaviour of different coating-substrate systems was studied using reciprocating ball-on-plate sliding and slurry microabrasion wear testing, respectively, in different ambient environments. SEM, (with EDX) and XRD evaluations were conducted to determine coating thickness/morphology and chemical/phase composition. Hardness and elastic modulus were also determined by instrumented micro- and nano-indentation measurements.

AP-13 The microstructure, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of CrAlSiN coatings
Yu-Chu Kuo (National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan); Jyh-Wei Lee, Chaur-Jeng Wang (Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan)

The CrAlSiN thin films with various Si contents were deposited by a magnetron sputtering system. In this study, effects of silicon contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of CrAlSiN films were investigated. The crystalline structure of thin film was determined by a glancing angle X-ray diffractometer (GA-XRD). The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of thin films were examined by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The hardness and Young's modulus of thin film were evaluated by a nanoindenter. The adhesion of coatings was determined by the scratch tester and Rockwell-C hardness tester, respectively. For the oxidation resistance evaluation, the CrAlSiN thin films were annealed at 700, 800, and 1000 oC for 100 hrs in air, respectively. It was found that the microstructure and mechanical properties of CrAlSiN thin films were affected by the silicon content. The oxidation resistance of CrAlSiN coating was enhanced as the silicon content increased. The mechanism for the oxidation resistance improvement of coatings was also proposed in this work.

AP-14 Improvement of interface adhesion and thermal stability in thermal barrier coatings through plasma heat treatment
Sang-Won Myoung, Tae-Sik Jang, Kang-Hyeon Lee, Zhe Lu, Yeon-Gil Jung, Je-Hyun Lee (Changwon National University, Republic of Korea); Ungyu Paik (Hanyang University, Republic of Korea)
The thermal durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is closely related to its adhesive strength and microstructure. Numerous factors have to be considered in practical applications of TBCs, including the thermo-mechanical properties. There is therefore a need to improve the adhesive strength and thermal stability, which are essential to improving the reliability and lifetime performance of the air-plasma sprayed (APS) TBC system. Possible ways for enhancing the thermal durability are to control the surface microstructure of bond coat and to bring a vertical type crack to the top coat. Recently, TriplexProTM-200 system has been launched to offer an advanced TBC performance resulting from higher particle velocity, lower particle oxidation, and higher coating density, compared with the commercial APS system. Therefore, in this study, TBC samples were prepared by the specialized coating system (TriplexProTM-200) and the microstructure of TBC was controlled by reheating the surface of both the bond and top coats without powder feeding in same equipment. The thickness of the bond and top coats was controlled as 200 and 1000 mm, respectively, and Ni-based metallic material (AMDRY 962) and ZrO2–8wt% Y2O3 (METCO 204 C-NS) were used as starting powders of the bond and top coats, respectively. In order to investigate the improvement of thermal durability the thermal fatigue tests were performed for the TBC samples with and without surface modification, at a surface temperature of 1100°C with temperature difference of 150°C between the surface and bottom of sample, with a dwell time of 1 h for 850 cycles, in a specially designed apparatus: one side of the sample was exposed and the other side air cooled. The TBC prepared by the surface modification of bond coat is more efficient in improving adhesive strength than that without the surface modification, and the thermal durability is enhanced by introducing the vertical type cracks to the top coat. These evidences allow us to enhance the thermal durability of TBC and to propose the efficient coating in improving lifetime performance of TBC at high temperature environments. The relationship between the microstructural evolution and thermo-mechanical characteristics of the TBCs with and without the surface modification and vertical cracks is discussed.
AP-15 On Machining of Hardened AISI D2 Steel with Coated Tools
Wilmar Mattes, Carlos Viana (Brazil)

ON MACHINING OF HARDENED AISI D2 STEEL WITH COATED TOOLS

Wilmar Mattes, mattes@catolicasc.org.br; Carlos Eduardo Viana, ceviana@catolicasc.org.br

This paper describes an experimental investigation on machining of a difficult-to cut material, AISI D2 steel of hardness 65 HRC with three tool coatings (AlCr, TiAlN and TiAlN + AlCrN). It was found that the most feasible feeds and speeds fall in the ranges 0.08–0.20 mm/rev and 80–120 m/min, respectively and that most of the tested coatings tools reached the end of life mainly due to flank wear. The highest acceptable values of tool life and volume of material removal were obtained at the lowest speed tested (70 m/min), indicating that this speed is more suitable for machining the selected tool/work material combination. While the highest feed used resulted in the highest volume of material removal, lower feeds resulted in higher tool life values. It was also found that the most appropriate feeds for this type of hardened steel are 0.14 mm/rev for finishing operations and 0.20 mm/rev for roughing operations. The best results were obtained with tools coated with TiAlN + AlCrN for the parameters of lower flank wear, better surface quality and dimensional.

AP-16 Microstructure characterization of diffusion aluminide coatings obtained by gas phase aluminizing on direct solidification Ni base superalloys Rene 142 and Rene 108
Bartosz Witala, Lucjan Swadzba (Silesian University of Technology, Poland); Lukasz Komendera (AVIO Polska Sp. z o.o., Poland); Marek Hetmanczyk, Boguslaw Mendala, Radoslaw Swadzba, Grzegorz Moskal (Silesian University of Technology, Poland)
Aluminide diffusion coatings plays meaningful role in protection material to high temperature oxidation and corrosion. In this paper result of development and properties of high-temperature coating deposited on superalloys such as direct solidification Ni base superalloys Rene 142 and Rene 108 will be presented. Three different pack cementation and one out of pack process were carried out. There will be shown influence of technological parameters on microstructure, thickness and phase composition of aluminide coatings. Aluminide coatings were investigated by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).
AP-17 Degradation and thickness evaluation of thermal barrier coatings using nondestructive 3D scanning method
Grzegorz Moskal, Radoslaw Swadzba, Lucjan Swadzba, Marek Hetmanczyk, Boguslaw Mendala, Bartosz Witala (Silesian University of Technology, Poland)

Thermal barrier coatings applied on turbine blades and vanes provide reduction of temperature on these components, which in turn leads to increasing their lifetimes. Producing TBCs of appropriate thickness and uniform coating material distribution on the surface of a component is of critical importance in meeting their intended performance and durability requirements. This paper presents results of plasma sprayed (APS) thermal barrier coatings investigation using 3D optical white-light scanning method. The purpose of this investigation was non-destructive evaluation of thickness and distribution of TBCs on jet engine turbine vanes, as well as oxidation-induced degradation related to thermally grown oxide (TGO) formation underneath the ceramic top coat. Obtained results provide information concerning coating material distribution on the surface and in cross sections of the turbine vanes. Methodological aspects and final results are discussed and analyzed.

Time Period ThP Sessions | Topic A Sessions | Time Periods | Topics | ICMCTF2012 Schedule